DIETARY DIVERSITY AND RURAL LABOR PRODUCTIVITY: EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN

The relationship between rural labor productivity and food diversity was analyzed from the household consumption survey data of Pakistan. The elasticity of wage to diversity (0.77) was higher than to food expenditure (0.13). Lowering the prices of meats and fruits and vegetables will have the greatest impact on labor productivity.Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Labor and Human Capital,

In Quest of information security in higher education institutions : security awareness, concerns and behaviour of students

Humans, often suggested as the weakest link in information security, require security education, training and awareness (SETA) programs to strengthen themselves against information security threats. These SETA programs improve security awareness (also called information security awareness or ISA) which makes users conscious about the information security threats and risks and motivates them to learn knowledge and measures to safeguard their information security. Studies have shown that most of the SETA programs do not achieve their desired objectives and been proven ineffective. This ineffectiveness is probably because: 1) current SETA programs are designed as a one-fits-all solution and are not tailored as per users’ needs, 2) users are not included in the design phase of the SETA programs and 3) the SETA programs lack theory-grounded approaches. Nonetheless, the relationship between ISA and security behaviour also needs explanation. This thesis sets out to address the issues mentioned above. In this thesis, four separate studies grounded in both quantitative and qualitative methods are conducted. Cross-sectional data from students of a single case was collected using online surveys, with one exception in which data was collected as part of a class assignment. The results showed that, in general, students believed they know more than they actually did. The impacts of gender, previous training, and educational discipline were evident on security knowledge, behaviour, perceived awareness and actual awareness. Students have a wide range of security concerns, related to their personal, social, technological, non-technological and institutional dimensions of everyday life, and not just technological and non-technological aspects as shown in the existing literature. Further, students differ significantly from security experts in terms of their security practices. However, aware students (having training in information security) were more similar in security practices to security experts than the unaware students (having no formal or informal information security training). Lastly, it was found that the relationship between ISA and security behaviour can be explained using Information-Motivation-Behavioural Skills (IMB) model. The research presented in this thesis has implications for faculty members who teach students and the security professionals responsible for information security of higher education institutions.Ihminen mielletään usein tietoturvan heikoimmaksi lenkiksi. Jotta tietoturvauhkilta osattaisiin suojautua, tarvitaan erillistä tietoturvakoulutusta, -harjoitusta sekä -tietoisuutta. Erilaiset tietoturvakoulutukset lisäävät henkilön tietoisuutta erilaisista tietoturvauhkista ja -riskeistä sekä motivoivat oppimaan tapoja ja toimenpiteitä, jotka parantavat henkilökohtaista tietoturvaa. Tutkimuksissa on kuitenkin ilmennyt, että useimmat tietoturvakoulutukset eivät saavuta toivottuja tavoitteita, ja ne ovatkin osoittautuneet tehottomiksi. Tehottomuus johtuu todennäköisesti siitä, että (1) koulutuksia ei ole räätälöity käyttäjien tarpeiden mukaisiksi vaan yleisluontoisiksi, (2) käyttäjiä ei ole otettu mukaan koulutusten suunnitteluun, ja (3) koulutuksilta puuttuvat teoriapohjaiset lähestymistavat. Tässä väitöskirjassa tutkitaan yllä mainittuja epäkohtia ja selvitetään ihmisen tietoturvakäyttäytymisen ja -tietoisuuden suhdetta. Väitöskirjassa esitetyt tulokset saavutettiin tekemällä neljä erillistä tutkimusta kvantitatiivisin (määrällisin) ja kvalitatiivisin (laadullisin) menetelmin. Tietoa kerättiin tutkimusten kohteina olleilta opiskelijoilta verkkokyselyillä, paitsi yhdessä tapauksessa, jossa kysely toteutettiin osana kurssitehtävää. Tulokset osoittavat, että yleisesti opiskelijat mielsivät tietävänsä enemmän kuin todellisuudessa tiesivät. Sukupuolella, aiemmalla koulutuksella ja tieteenalalla oli selkeä vaikutus vastaajien tietoturvakäytökseen - sekä miellettyyn että varsinaiseen tietoisuuteen. Opiskelijoilla on monenlaisia tietoturvaan liittyviä huolenaiheita, jotka liittyvät persoonallisiin, sosiaalisiin, teknologisiin, ei-teknologisiin sekä arkisiin ulottuvuuksiin. Tämä poikkeaa nykyisen kirjallisuuden näkemyksestä, joka käsittää vain teknologisen ja ei-teknologisen ulottuvuuden. Opiskelijat eroavat merkittävästi tietoturvaasiantuntijoista tietoturvakäytäntöjensä suhteen. Tietoturvakoulutusta saaneet, tietoisemmat opiskelijat olivat käyttäytymiseltään lähempänä tietoturva-asiantuntijoita kuin vähemmän tietoiset ja vähemmän koulutusta aiheesta saaneet opiskelijat. Tutkimuksessa kävi ilmi myös, että tietoturvatietoisuuden ja -käyttäytymisen välistä suhdetta voidaan selittää käyttäen IMB-mallia (Information-Motivation- Behavioural Skills model). Tässä väitöskirjassa esitetty tutkimus ja sen tulokset ovat korkeakoulujen opetushenkilöstön ja tietoturvasta vastaavien ammattilaisten suoraan hyödynnettävissä

Leveraging intelligence from network CDR data for interference aware energy consumption minimization

Cell densification is being perceived as the panacea for the imminent capacity crunch. However, high aggregated energy consumption and increased inter-cell interference (ICI) caused by densification, remain the two long-standing problems. We propose a novel network orchestration solution for simultaneously minimizing energy consumption and ICI in ultra-dense 5G networks. The proposed solution builds on a big data analysis of over 10 million CDRs from a real network that shows there exists strong spatio-temporal predictability in real network traffic patterns. Leveraging this we develop a novel scheme to pro-actively schedule radio resources and small cell sleep cycles yielding substantial energy savings and reduced ICI, without compromising the users QoS. This scheme is derived by formulating a joint Energy Consumption and ICI minimization problem and solving it through a combination of linear binary integer programming, and progressive analysis based heuristic algorithm. Evaluations using: 1) a HetNet deployment designed for Milan city where big data analytics are used on real CDRs data from the Telecom Italia network to model traffic patterns, 2) NS-3 based Monte-Carlo simulations with synthetic Poisson traffic show that, compared to full frequency reuse and always on approach, in best case, proposed scheme can reduce energy consumption in HetNets to 1/8th while providing same or better Qo

How 5G wireless (and concomitant technologies) will revolutionize healthcare?

The need to have equitable access to quality healthcare is enshrined in the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which defines the developmental agenda of the UN for the next 15 years. In particular, the third SDG focuses on the need to “ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages”. In this paper, we build the case that 5G wireless technology, along with concomitant emerging technologies (such as IoT, big data, artificial intelligence and machine learning), will transform global healthcare systems in the near future. Our optimism around 5G-enabled healthcare stems from a confluence of significant technical pushes that are already at play: apart from the availability of high-throughput low-latency wireless connectivity, other significant factors include the democratization of computing through cloud computing; the democratization of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and cognitive computing (e.g., IBM Watson); and the commoditization of data through crowdsourcing and digital exhaust. These technologies together can finally crack a dysfunctional healthcare system that has largely been impervious to technological innovations. We highlight the persistent deficiencies of the current healthcare system and then demonstrate how the 5G-enabled healthcare revolution can fix these deficiencies. We also highlight open technical research challenges, and potential pitfalls, that may hinder the development of such a 5G-enabled health revolution